Acúfenos: mecanismos, medidas y tratamientos sonoros
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3989/loquens.2015.024Palabras clave:
Pérdidas Auditivas, acúfenos, terapias sonorasResumen
El acúfeno consiste en la percepción de un sonido fantasma (un zumbido continuo dentro de la cabeza), sin una fuente externa que lo produzca. Para apreciar la importancia del tema hay que tener en cuenta que aproximadamente un 1-2 % de la población padece de acúfeno severo, y que a día de hoy no existe ninguna medicina que lo cure. Todavía no se conoce el origen exacto del acúfeno, aunque se supone que se produce por un mecanismo de compensación homeostático del sistema auditivo central ante una pérdida auditiva periférica (plasticidad cerebral). Las terapias acústicas pretenden revertir esta plasticidad cerebral estimulando el sistema auditivo con un sonido apropiado para reducir la molestia del acúfeno. En este artículo se revisan varias terapias acústicas y se concluye que la más apropiada consiste en una secuencia de tonos gamma de frecuencia aleatoria dentro de la banda de audio, con amplitud proporcional a su pérdida auditiva a esa frecuencia (un Ambiente Acústico Enriquecido). Por tanto, para su diseño se requiere la curva de pérdidas (HL) del paciente en cada uno de los oídos.
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